关系从句、关系代词和副词#定语从句#关系代词#介词#英语语法#书面表达#句子结构约 3 分钟
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句:in which, of whom, for which 等结构详解
摘要
当关系代词 which, whom, whose 在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,常形成“介词+关系代词”结构。这种结构使句子更正式、精确,尤其在书面语中常见。本课将系统讲解其构成规则、使用场景及常见错误,帮助你掌握如 in which, for which, of whom 等高频表达。
核心规则
- 结构构成:该结构基本形式为“介词 + which/whom/whose”。which 指代物或整个句子,whom 指代人(作宾语),whose 表示所属关系。
- 例:the house in which I live(我住的房子)
- 例:the person to whom I spoke(我与之交谈的人)
- 介词来源:介词通常来自定语从句中动词或形容词的固定搭配,或是根据句意需要添加。
- 动词搭配:look at, depend on, talk about → This is the picture at which we are looking.(这就是我们正在看的图片。)
- 句意需要:the year in which he was born(他出生的那一年)
- 关系代词选择:先行词是人时,用 whom(正式)或 who/that(非正式,且介词常后置);先行词是物时,用 which;表示所属时用 whose。
- 正式:The colleague with whom I collaborate is from Canada.(与我合作的同事来自加拿大。)
- 非正式:The colleague (who/that) I collaborate with is from Canada.
常见误区
- 误用关系代词:混淆 which 和 whom 的指代对象。which 只能指物或事,whom 只能指人(作宾语)。
- 误:The man for which I work is kind.(我为之工作的那个人很和善。)
- 正:The man for whom I work is kind.
- 遗漏或错用介词:忽略从句中动词或形容词的固定搭配,导致介词缺失或用错。
- 误:This is a subject which I am interested.(这是一个我感兴趣的主题。)
- 正:This is a subject in which I am interested. (be interested in)
例句与解析
- The company for which she works is expanding rapidly.
- 中文释义:她任职的那家公司正在迅速扩张。
- 解析:for which 引导定语从句修饰 company。work for 是固定搭配,意为“为…工作”。
- He mentioned several reasons, the most important of which was cost.
- 中文释义:他提到了几个理由,其中最重要的是成本。
- 解析:of which 引导非限制性定语从句,补充说明 reasons。which 指代 several reasons,of which 意为“在这些理由中”。
- The students, many of whom are international, attended the lecture.
- 中文释义:学生们参加了讲座,其中许多是国际学生。
- 解析:of whom 引导非限制性定语从句修饰 students。whom 指代 the students,many of whom 意为“这些学生中的许多人”。
高频词与短语
- in which:在其中,在…里(常指时间、地点、情况)
- for which:为此,为了…(常表目的、原因、对象)
- of which/whom:…的,其中…的(表所属或部分与整体的关系)
- on which:在…上,关于…(常指日期、基础、主题)
- with which:用…,与…一起(常指工具、伴随)
- to which:向…,到…(常指方向、对象、程度)
- at which:在…时/处(常指具体时间点或事件)
- about which:关于…(常指讨论、思考的内容)
自测练习
- 选择填空:The speed ______ he completed the task was amazing.
A. at which B. for which C. of which
- 选择填空:We visited the museum, the history ______ was fascinating.
A. of which B. for which C. with which
- 改错:This is the city which I grew up. (提示:grow up 搭配什么介词?)
(练习答案:1. A 2. A 3. 改为:This is the city in which I grew up. 或 This is the city where I grew up. / This is the city (which/that) I grew up in.)