关系从句、关系代词和副词#定语从句#非限制性定语从句#英语标点#英语写作#关系代词#语法进阶约 2 分钟
非限制性定语从句:逗号、补充信息与写作风格
摘要
非限制性定语从句(又称非限定性定语从句)是英语写作中用于补充说明、增加细节或表达个人评论的重要语法结构。它与主句关系松散,通常用逗号隔开,去掉后不影响主句基本意思。掌握其用法能显著提升书面表达的准确性和丰富性。
核心规则
- 逗号分隔:非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。如果从句在句子中间,则前后都需加逗号。
- 关系词选择:引导非限制性定语从句的关系词包括
which(指物)、who/whom(指人)、whose(指所属关系)、where(指地点)、when(指时间)。注意:关系词that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。 - 补充而非限定:从句提供的是附加信息,而非定义或限定主句名词的唯一信息。去掉从句后,主句意思依然完整、明确。
常见误区
- 误用
that代替which:在非限制性定语从句中,指物时只能用which,不能用that。例如:My car, which is red, is very fast.(正确) /My car, that is red, is very fast.(错误)。 - 遗漏必要逗号:忘记使用逗号分隔从句,会导致句子意思模糊或改变。比较:
My brother who lives in London is a doctor.(限制性:我可能不止一个兄弟,特指住在伦敦的那个是医生。) vsMy brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.(非限制性:我只有一个兄弟,他住在伦敦,他是个医生。)
例句与解析
- The conference, which was held online, attracted over a thousand participants.
- 会议是在线上举行的,吸引了一千多名参与者。*
- 解析*:
which was held online补充说明会议的形式,是附加信息。
- Professor Smith, who has published many papers, will give the keynote speech.
- 史密斯教授将发表主题演讲,他发表过许多论文。*
- 解析*:
who has published many papers是对 Professor Smith 的额外介绍,不是用来从众多教授中识别他的。
- I visited Paris last summer, where I saw the Eiffel Tower.
- 我去年夏天去了巴黎,在那里我看到了埃菲尔铁塔。*
- 解析*:
where I saw the Eiffel Tower补充了在巴黎发生的一件事,主句“我去了巴黎”意思已完整。
高频词与短语
- which:引导指物的非限制性定语从句。
- who:引导指人的非限制性定语从句(作主语)。
- whom:引导指人的非限制性定语从句(作宾语,正式文体)。
- whose:表示所属关系(…的)。
- where:引导指地点的非限制性定语从句。
- when:引导指时间的非限制性定语从句。
- provide additional information:提供额外信息。
- be separated by commas:用逗号隔开。
自测练习
- 判断并改正:
My laptop that I bought last week is already broken.(假设我只有一台笔记本电脑) - 选择正确的关系词:
We stayed at the Grand Hotel, (which / that) had a beautiful swimming pool. - 将两个简单句合并为一个包含非限制性定语从句的句子:
Shakespeare wrote many famous plays. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon.
- (练习答案:1. 应改为
My laptop, which I bought last week, is already broken.2. which 3. Shakespeare, who was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, wrote many famous plays.)*